Inclusion and the Inclusive Learning Environment Essay

Inclusion and the Inclusive Learning Environment - Essay Example In differentiation, a trainer tailors the instructions as per the needs of the learners. â€Å"Whether teachers differentiate content, process, products, or the learning environment, the use of ongoing assessment and flexible grouping makes this a successful approach to instruction† (Tomlinson, 2013). An inclusive learning environment is created to ensure equal access to all tools, aids, and opportunities for all students. There are a number of ways in which this can be achieved in a health and beauty salon. The first and the foremost aspect of an inclusive learning environment is to ensure that all learners are physically capable of experiencing the same quality of training. In a health and beauty salon, like any other class, this can be achieved by making learners with spectacles occupy the front seats and those with the stronger eye-sights occupy the middle and the rear seats. Taller learners should be seated at the rear so that there is no hindrance in the way of vision fr om the learner to the white board. After carefully designing the seating plan considering the physical traits of the learners, the teacher needs to design the teaching strategies that promise maximal inclusion on the part of the learners. For example, group projects containing members with different levels of capabilities and different skills is a way of promoting inclusive learning. When a certain number of students work upon the same project, each occupying a specific role and using a specific skill, the learning is not merely limited to the very skill, but every learner also develops a comprehensive understanding of the skills of other members of the group. When the project is complete, a significant development in the skills of the learners in different areas is achieved. Another aspect of inclusive learning is discipline. In the contemporary age, classrooms have become increasingly multicultural with respect to learners. People from different countries join the health and beaut y salons and take classes to enhance their skills. To provide the learners with a safe environment in which their potential to maximize their learning is optimized, it is imperative that the teacher establishes rules, principles, or compiles a code of ethics in which objectionable behaviors are clearly depicted and learners are strictly instructed to deter from displaying them in the class. In case of lack of compliance, disciplinary action can be executed. Such objectionable behaviors include but are not limited to use of racist remarks, discriminatory remarks or practices on the basis of gender, race, or culture, and bullying. Resources to meet the need of learners in inclusive learning should be utilized from within the classroom or with due consultation with the concerned authorities. There are numerous ways in which learners can be engaged and motivated in an inclusive environment. For example, when formulating the seating plan to ensure that all learners have full vision of th e whiteboard and the stage, the trainer asks the learners to provide them with information about their individualistic physical traits like eye-sight and height. Students find such activities interesting and realize that these activities are meant to develop such a seating plan where everybody would be able to see clearly. Providing students with constructive feedback is another

Is Cloning Playing God?

Is Cloning Playing God? Imagine sitting down, all of the sudden, you look to your left, and what do you see. Yourself, as a seven-year-old child, but wait a minute, you are 30 years of age. This child is genetically identical to you, however, his parents are not yours; and although you see many similarities, this child is acting in a way you have never acted. This child as you can see knows more about technology than you did at that age. Why? The answers is simple, this seven-year-old child is growing in a different era an era where technology is necessary. So is this child really your clone or? This child has a different set of parents than you, yet this child does not have one single gene from them. Is it cloning a human being playing God? Scientists have been experimenting with cloning for at least forty years; however, it was not until February 24, 1997 and the news of the successful cloning of Dolly the sheep from mammary cells of an adult sheep, that reaction emerged from around the world. Now a day, we have heard of other animals, such as sheep, mice, cows, pigs, goats, dogs, and cats, as well as other things have been cloned with no condemnation. Conversely, the possibility of human cloning is for most an abomination. The idea of cloning humans has created a mixed of emotions, including confusion in society. Cloning for most of the people, means changing the history of humanity. Even though, Ian William, the Scotland scientist that cloned the sheep, agree to never clone humans, thirty hours after the news of Dolly circle the world, a bill was passed in New York by Legislator, John Marchi, to make human cloning illegal. Furthermore, other scientists, physicians, conservative ministers, and rabbis joined the Thou Shalt Not Clone Humans movement; and among the reasons to banned cloning were the human rights to have a set of biological parents (Pence 23). Almost globally but mostly in the USA and Europe there is a devastating agreement, stating that human cloning is unethical; therefore, it should be prohibited by law. On the other hand, there is not a clear explanation or reasons to explain as to why cloning breaks societys basic moral principles. Answering the how clones are created question can shed a light and might provide a reason in favor or against it. In early 1970s, the breakthrough in medical ethics (bioethics) has attracted many philosophers because it seems to help answer questions about the beginning and end of life, which is something that philosophers have continually thought about. Modern science and technology continue to raise new questions of morality, death, and new ways of reproducing the human kind. On the other hand, philosophy is about questioning assumptions. The status quo has dictated that is unthinkable to clone humans. To which philosophy responds: Unthinkable? Let us think about that (Pence 35) . Creating a human through cloning is very different from creating humans through in vitro or IVF (under glass fertilization). Cloning is considered asexual reproduction because unlike the other two methods mentioned where an individual is created from two different sets of 23 chromosomes, the individual created through cloning would have the same 46 chromosomes as the donor. Cloning implies the removal of the nucleus of an oocyte (egg) and introducing the donors nucleus. Keeping in mind that a nucleus is what holds genetic data; and by removing the original nucleus and inserting the donor, this process creates a new artificial cell with the potential to be used to develop a new human being (clone). Scientists would have to biochemically manipulate the process in order for the cell body (oocyte) to accept the new nucleus. After this process is of reproductive cloning is completed in a laboratory setting, this oocyte has to then be implanted in a womans uterus for the embryo to fully de velop (Pence 15). In the natural creation of a human being, the oocyte (from the female) and the sperm (from a male) unite in a process called fertilization. Each the oocyte and the sperm have a nucleus, which hold genetic data from each one of the parents. Unlike cloning, there is no separation or removal of the oocytes nucleus, thus, creating a new and unique human being, with a different genotype. Another subject for discussion is the idea of utilizing artificial uterus to grow these embryos; thus, denying the fetus of bonding with the mother. Then again, a clone would not be considered human, unless a real flesh-and blood female gestate such embryo (Tannert 238). On another matter, humans already produce natural clones. Monozygotic twins are the natural production humans trough the same fertilized cell. The division of the cell into two genetically identical individuals is considered normal but rarely; and although identical, they are not flawless copies. Furthermore, they are still the product of a natural process of fertilization and mutation and not cloning or biochemically manipulation. Therefore, the genetic material has gone through an intertwine process to create a new genotype ( (Tannert 239). Alternatively, an embryo produced in a laboratory, has been artificially constructed by human action. A manipulation that might grow up into a human, but considered an object. There are no possibilities of random mutation, as in the monozygotic twins, because to be considered a clone, it has to be genetically identical to the donor. Therefore, the argument becomes one of ethical evaluation giving a point to a legal ban on reproductive human cloning because we must not enforce ones genetic identity to another individual. Humans for the most part strive for autonomy; and so, by cloning we are restricting the cloned individual of some of the basic components of human survival; thus violating what constitutionally guarantee human rights. Whether it is life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, which the US Declaration of Independence lists as the unalienable rights of humankind; whether it is libertà ©, à ©galità ©, fraternità ©, the famous motto of the French revolution; or whether it is the simple and elegant statement that The dignity of man is sacrosanct, the first sentence of the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany (Tannert 238). If one uses Immanuel Kant philosophies and adds the science of cloning, cloning uses one persons genetic material (to clone) as a vehicle to achieve the needs of another person (the person cloning). Therefore, one can say that this process is unethical and why it should be forbidden. On the other hand, for example, the first IVF baby born in England in 1978 is a normal woman. At first, the idea of producing humans in a tube was insane because of possible birth defects, since then thousands of kids have been born utilizing this method. The same people arguing against it in the past were the same people arguing against cloning. The National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) has also suggested a federal law to sanction any effort to create a human by cloning. This organization utilized the Americans illogical reservation of human cloning as a motive for a ban. The fears come from fictional movies and novels of human cloning, as well as, not being able to trust scientists. Arguments against human cloning thus far have been based on human emotions and ethics rather than facts. Emotions, however, can change with evidences. Artificial insemination for example, was once looked at as a deviance, now considered a social norm. Also, genetic testing for Down syndrome thro ugh amniocenteses because selection of pregnancy was an option. Cloning can offer some benefits: It can help scientist to comprehend how cells age; it can help with treating mitochondrial DNA diseases; and more importantly can eliminate the use of embryos for research. This could be accomplished by using the de-differentiated cell in the normal stage without fusing them to an egg, to create an embryo for reproductive experiments (Pence 46). There is also Polly the sheep, the first cloned animal to have a human gene in 1997. Polly was able to produce a human protein in the milk; to help individuals, such as hemophiliacs and bone diseases suffers that are not able to produce it. (CNN interactive). With Wilmuts techniques and discoveries, there is the possibility of new therapies to help sick people, for example, the alteration of a gene can help the treatment of cystic fibrosis and the transplant of pigs organs to dying humans could be genetically altered to reduce rejection (Pence 22). Scientists agreed that the possibility of having an identical genetic person is nearly impossible: Even clone cells, with identical set of genes, vary somewhat in shape or coloration. the jump is made from molecules to cells, complexity jumps exponentially because molecules can be combined in thousands upon thousands of ways from cells (Pence 31) Therefore, even if scientists try to play God, the odds of reproducing identical cells are close to zero. People should be given an opportunity to hear both sides of the arguments in favor or against it, and then vote on what they think is correct. The cloning techniques need to be perfected, the odds of a human cloned survival is poor and uncertain; furthermore, no one can guarantee perfect babies with no birth defects, but then again, even though natural fertilization, no one can guarantee a perfect baby. Human cloning it might look like playing God; however, God is a God of perfection, and that is something no human can ever achieve. Every single time the debate comes up-after Ian Wilmuts first cloning experimentations on mammals, after the Raelians claim to have cloned a human being, and in recent times, in the stir of the South Korean cloning scandal-the community, legislators and the media all express a profound apprehension with human cloning (Pence 16).

Bill Clinton and Whitewater/ Monica Lewinsky :: William Jefferson Clinton Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The â€Å"Whitewater† scandal was a real estate scheme by the White Water Development Corp. Both President Bill Clinton and his wife Hillary Clinton were involved in the scandal to make a land deal. Many people were involved in the scheme, which was held in the 1980s in Arkansas. Bill Clinton and his wife maintained their funds by the support of the Madison Guaranty Savings and Loan, which represented the Clintons in the overthrow of their Whitewater shares. The Clintons were being investigated when there were improper campaign contributions, political and financial favors, and tax benefits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Clintons denied any wrongdoing and that they never had lost money on the Whitewater scheme. In 1994, Counsel Kenneth Starr investigated the wrongdoings by Clinton and his wife. The Clintons were also charged of perjury, obstruction of justice, and abuse of power, but Starr wasn’t able to prove it. In the Whitewater affair the Clintons were investigated on videotapes of their testimonies. In a 1996 trial, the Mc Douglas and Jim Tucker (Clintons successors as governor of Arkansas) were found guilty of fraud. Also David Hale pled guilty to fraud and was a witness of the McDougal, which he received a jail sentence. The Clintons were not found guilty, but Hillary Clinton was charge of damaging information and accused President Clinton administration of lying under oath. Starr’s job was to expand the investigations of President Clinton and his administration because he wasn’t able to prove them guilty. Starr became successful in January 1998, when he suspected President Clinton role in a sex scandal with Monica Lewinsky. The Lewinsky scandal was when President Clinton denied any sexual involvement with Lewinsky. When the Lewinsky scandal was brought to the public, Paula Corbin Jones claimed that President Clinton had sexually hostile her in 1991. At that time President Clinton was governor of Arkansas and he had a lawsuit of sexual harassment. After the case many women accused President Clinton of having relations with him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lewinsky was an unpaid intern and later became a paid staffer at the White House. In the beginning of the case, Monica Lewinsky did deny having sexual relations with the President. Starr then found tape recordings of telephone conversations of Lewinsky describing her relationship with the president. Clinton tried to cover up the affair by having his advisor Vernon Jordan to have Lewinsky lie or having a job outside Washington.

Refractive Indices of Water And Turpentine Oil Essay

To find Refractive Indices of Water And Turpentine Oil using a plane mirror, a equiconvex lens (made from a glass of known refractive index) and an adjustable object needle APPARATUS: A convex lens, an optical needle, a plane mirror, a clamp stand, a spherometer, a plumb line, metre scale, water and turpentine oil Theroy : Let’s add small amount of water on a flat, plane surface and place a convex lens over it. This forms a plano-concave lens of water between the lower surface of convex lens and plane mirror. Let f 1 and f 2 are the focal lengths of water lens and convex lens respectively, then focal length of the combination is: The focal length of the plano-concave lens is, †¦(i) From Lens Maker’s formula, =( R 1 = R and R 2 = for water lens. The refractive index of water is , †¦(ii) (where ‘R’ is the radius of curvature of the concave surfaces of the plano-concave lens). The Radius of curvature of the lens, is  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(iii) PROCEDURE †¢ For finding the focal length of convex lens: †¢ Measure the rough focal length of the convex lens. †¢ Place the plane mirror with the convex lens placed on it above the horizontal base of a clamp stand horizontally as its tip lies vertically above the optical centre of the lens. Adjust the needle at a height a little more than the rough focal length of the convex lens. †¢ Try to remove the parallax between the tip of the object needle and its image tip. †¢ Note the distance of the tip of the needle from the centre of the upper surface of the lens. Let it be x 1. (Use plumb line). †¢ Remove the convex lens and measure the distance of the tip of the needle from the plane mirror. Let it be x 2 . (Use plumb line). 2 (vi) Repeat and record all the observations. †¢ For finding the focal length of the plano-concave lens: Pour few drops of water over the plane mirror and place the convex lens over it. Repeat steps (ii) to (iv) as done above.Repeat the procedure with turpentine oil also. †¢ For finding ‘l’: Determine the pitch and least count of scale of the spherometer. Place the spherometer on the dried surface of the convex lens. Turn the screw downwards very gently till the tip of the screw just touches the lens. Read and record the reading. Keep the spherometer’s legs on the base of a paper and adjusting the central screw, find the pricks A, B and C of the three legs of the spherometer. Join the centres of the three pricks and measure the lengths with the half-metre scale. Note the values of AB, BC and AC Conclusion Pitch of the spherometer= 1 cm Least count of the spherometer = 0.01 cm Distance between the legs: †¢ AB = 3 cm †¢ BC = 3 cm CA = 3 cm S.No Initial reading of the C.S. on the convex lens (a) No. of complete rotations (n) Final reading of the c.s on the glass slab Additional C.S div. moved h=n x pitch + m x L.C Mean â€Å"h† 1 62 0 6.5 55.5 0.555 0.5775 2 64 0 4 60 0.6 Aim is to find the refractive index of a) water, b) coconut oil using a plane mirror, and an equiconvex lens made of glass and an adjustable object needle. The theory behind liquid lens is based on the properties of one or more liquids to create magnifications within a small amount of space.The focus of a liquid lens is controlled by the surface of the liquid .Water normally forms a bubble shape when adhered to materials such as glass.This desirable property makes water a very suitable candidate for the production of liquid lens.Essentially the liquid must be transparent so as to study its effects. To generate a liquid lens , a liquid is sandwiched between two pieces of a clear plastic or a glass. Oil (necessarily transparent) can also be chosen to be used as a fluid in a liquid lens system. The surface profiles of the liquid determines the focal length of liquid lens system and how the liquid lens focusses light rays. Theory: In optics, refractive index or index of refraction ‘n’ of a substance (optical medium) is a dimensionless number that describes how light or any radiation propagates through that medium.It is defined as n = c/v where’ c’ is the speed of light in vaccum and ‘v’ is the speed of light in a substance. Eg : ‘n’ of water is 1.33, which means, light travels 1.33 times as fast in vaccum as it does in water. The historically first occurance of refractive index was in Snell’s law of refraction. ie are the angles of incidence of the ray crossing the interface between 2 medias with refractive indeces n_1 and n_2. In this project, we shall make use of the property of liquid lens to find the refractive index of water and coconut oil. Requirements A convex lens, plane mirror, water, coconut oil, an optical needle, an iron stand with base and clamp arrangement, a meter scale etc†¦. Procedure : †¢ Finding the focal length of convex lens:- †¢ Place the plane mirror with the convex lens placed on it above the horizontal base of a clamp stand horizontally as its tip lies vertically above the optic centre of the lens. Adjust the needle at a height a little more than the rough focal length of the convex lens. †¢ Bring the tip of the needle, at the vertical principal axis of the lens, so that the tip of the needle appears touching the tip of its image. †¢ Move the needle up and down to remove the parallax between tips of needle and its image. †¢ Measure the distance between tip of the needle and upper surface of the lens by using a meter scale. Let it be (x1 ). †¢ Again measure the distance between tip and upper surface of the plane mirror. Let it be x2 †¢ Finding the focal length of the combination: †¢ Take a few drops of the given transparent liquid and place it on the surface of plane mirror. The convex lens is placed over it as before. (A plano concave lens is formed between plane mirror and convex lens). †¢ Repeat the steps (ii) to (v) †¢ Record the observations. †¢ To find the radius of curvature of the liquid lens. (R of convex lens surface in contact). The convex lens is turned towards a source such that, the required surface is away from the source the distance is to adjusted that the image is, formed on the side of the source. The distance ‘d’ between the source and the lens is measured. The radius of curvature ‘R’ of the lens is given by Finally the refractive index of liquid lens is given by. n = 1+ R/f2 Result : The observations of the experiment is tabulated as follows Precautions †¢ The parallax must be removed tip to tip properly. †¢ The lens and plane mirror should be cleaned thouroughly. †¢ The liquid taken should be essentially transparent. Only few drops of liquid should be taken so that the liquid lens layer is not thick Sources of error : †¢ Liquid may not be quite transparent †¢ The parallax any not be fully removed †¢ The needle may not be properly horizontal The distance x1 and x2 may not be essentially clean The experiment described in this project is an effective and simple method of measuring the refractive index of any liquid (transparent) using a convex lens and plane mirror. If we keep the mirror behind a lens and put an object at the focus point of the lens above it, the image of the object will form at the same focus point where the object is. If it is an extended object, its image will be inverted and the size of image is same as that of the object. This property has enabled the efficient use of liquid lens to find the refractive index of a fluid by this method. If a liquid is sandwiched between the lens and the mirror, the focal length of liquid lens can be calculated knowing the focal length of the combination and that of the convex lens, from which the refractive index of the fluid can easily be estimated.

Leadership Principles for Effective Change

â€Å"Change only happens when each person makes a decision to implement the change.† It is very easy to talk about dreams and talk about plans. But without the commitment to follow through and implement what needs to be done, such talk is merely wishful thinking. Every person involved in the process should implement change because everyone involved should do his part. Otherwise, the change will be incomplete. In order to manage change, the tasks that each person needs to do should be written down for implementation and monitoring. This may seem difficult and out of culture but it can do a lot in making people accountable and willing to implement the changes discussed by the organization. â€Å"A clearly defined vision of the end result enables all the people to define the most efficient path for accomplishing the results.† A vision is a powerful thing. It helps refine and enhance the direction of the organization. When a vision is clearly stated and understood by the members of the organization, they can formulate their strategies and align their activities toward the vision of the organization. Out of the vision, the strategies of the organization can be formulated. Some strategies, however, may appear not to support the end result as stated in the vision. To ensure that the strategies are aligned with the vision, an organization needs to promote its vision and its mission to its employees and to its management team. During the sessions of strategic planning, the vision should be inculcated into the minds and practices of the organization so that the strategies formulated support the fulfillment of the vision. With a clearly defined vision, the people know what they are working for. When they know what they are working for, they can search for the best approach there is. Select the two principles you believe are the most important to follow when managing change and describe why you feel these are essential. Describe some specific techniques that can be used to manage change in an organization. Explain how these techniques are consistent with the principles you selected. 1.Thought processes and relationship dynamics are fundamental if change is to be successful. 2.Change only happens when each person makes a decision to implement the change. 3.People fear change it â€Å"happens† to them. 4.Given the freedom to do so, people will build quality into their work as a matter of personal pride. 5.Traditional organizational systems treat people like children and expect them to act like adults. 6.†Truth† is more important during periods of change and uncertainty than â€Å"good news.† 7.Trust is earned by those who demonstrate consistent behavior and clearly defined values. 8.People who work are capable of doing much more than they are doing. 9.The intrinsic rewards of a project are often more important than the material rewards and recognition. 10. A clearly defined vision of the end result enables all the people to define the most efficient path for accomplishing the results. 11. The more input people have into defining the changes that will affect their work, the more they will take ownership for the results. 12. To change the individual, change the system.   

european enlightenment essays

european enlightenment essays The Enlightenment was an era in human history in which thinkers and philosophers were convinced that they were rising from centuries of obscurity and unawareness into a new age made clear by reason and a respect for humanity. A number of thinkers and writers, mainly in England and France, believed that they were more educated and informed than their fellow citizens and intended to enlighten them. Society and humanity were seen as being in an inferior condition, and major changes were needed to improve the human condition. However, this belief in progress did not appear out of nowhere, it was instigated by two major historical events: the Protestant Reformation and the Scientific Revolution. Both of these key elements had major effects on the ideas and changes which appeared during the Enlightenment. The Protestant Reformation was a challenging of the Catholic churches domination over the politics, economics, and culture of European society. The Scientific Revolution was an influentia l time during which, not only natural scientific and technological advances were made, but also changes in the structure of human thought were established. Both the Protestant Reformation and the Scientific Revolution were events which preceded and directly affected the era of Enlightenment in the history of humankind. The Enlightenment was a consistent progression of these two scientific and religious events, the areas most affected being politics, religion, and the social development of the world. In the modern Western world, the greatest issue at the heart of the political debate was the question of the legitimacy of authority. The arguments revolved around the notions of order, authority, and rights. Prior to the 17th century, nations had been lead my monarchs, such as Kings and Queens, but in reality countries were divided. Nations were fragmented by feudalism and divided into states and political units, each having its own political agenda. Th...

Longest paragraph in print goes on display - Emphasis

Longest paragraph in print goes on display Longest paragraph in print goes on display If youre struggling to read the latest lengthy management report, it could be worse. Take a look at this. Its the original manuscript scroll for Jack Kerouacs seminal novel, On the Road, which goes on display in Europe for the first time at Birminghams Barber Institute today. Kerouac wrote the novel on sheets of tracing paper and taped them together to form a scroll 120 feet long, in what must be the longest single paragraph in print. (Even the human genome sequence report is broken up into sections on individual chromosomes, although some would argue its not such a good read.) But that didnt stop it inspiring an entire generation to drop out of society and seek an alternative to the nine to five (a burden that the author found too much to bear: he deliberately drank himself to death according to former friends). He reportedly completed it after 20 days of continuous typing, fuelled by nothing stronger than coffee. We wouldnt really recommend Kerouacs somewhat eccentric approach as an example of best practice, so dont try this at home (or the office). For advice on how to write an effective report, better to read ten tips for writing high-impact documents.

6+ Websites and Tools for Your Finance Homework the Wolf of Wall Street Would Approve

6+ Websites and Tools for Your Finance Homework the Wolf of Wall Street Would Approve 6+ Websites and Tools for Your Finance Homework the Wolf of Wall Street Would Approve Economic papers have some distinctive features that you have to take into account while writing a finance homework. The most important thing in creating such kind of assignments is to be an analytical and precise thinker, meaning the person who is savvy in the economic studies. If you find some general finance articles online and try to write in the same way the information is given there, that will be one of the points your professors will lower your grade for because you can’t appear as a journalist or copywriter. You need to look like a true economist who knows what he/she’s talking about. Moreover, it is essential to know about the peculiarities of the economic writing style: Using present tense; Going for active voice; Not employing dramatic verbs and adjectives; Avoiding abbreviations and contractions; Writing short sentences; Not generating filler text; Etc. These are not all requirements, but they are the main ones. After upgrading your knowledge about the economic writing style, you need to find decent sources and tools to use only reliable data for backing up your statements. And guess what? We have already found several ones for you. 1.  Stock Market Simulator This is a great opportunity for you if you wish to write a finance paper within the stock market domain. This simulator grants you $100 000 of virtual money (you don’t need to invest anything whatsoever), and you can play with this capital buying stocks, investing, etc. just to feel like you’re doing everything for real and train your decision-making skills. 2.  Economic History Any economic paper needs a base or reference to its past. In this online resource you will find precise statistics, profound and trustworthy data together with analytical articles. 3.  The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics This encyclopedia was created by several economics enthusiasts who are fond of this sphere and want to share some valuable information with the world. There you can spot articles written by economists, but the information is given in such a manner so that even a non-economist would understand the main points. 4.  ReadyRatios.com This is an online software that evaluates financial statements. It is paid, but there are some free features. If the topic of your finance paper is the analysis of a financial position of some company, this tool is a perfect helper in your case. 5.  Online Calculators There 10 different calculators that can help you estimate incomes, social security taxes, budgets, pension returns, etc. They are interactive and free to use. 6.  Yahoo Finance This is a database of reports, articles and economic forecasts about international state of affairs in the sphere of finance. It contains high quality and credible information, and, most importantly, it’s free. It is a very good tool to use for academic purposes as it provides you with valuable data for your research. Use these online instruments for writing finance papers and produce readable as well as interesting content! P.S. Have your own economic tools that you use for the finance studies? Share them with our homework writing service!

International HR management take a country of your choice and consider Essay

International HR management take a country of your choice and consider how the various human resource management activities hav - Essay Example Particular emphasis has been given on the role of the internal and the external contexts in the current form of HRM in the specific country. Through the literature, which has been published in the specific field, it is revealed that the HRM in Britain responds to many different needs. Because of this fact, efforts are made by the local authorities to support the development of HRM across the country, a target that is not always achieved. The unions, which had traditionally a significant power in Britain, have found to have a controversial role in the promotion of the rules of HRM. Under certain terms, the claims of the unions are not always supportive for the HRM, but such problem could be normally expected since the HRM does not refer solely to the employee but to the employer also, incorporating the views and the interests of both these parties. In the above context, this paper aims to present the current forms of HRM in Britain, as being influenced by a series of internal and exte rnal contexts. At this point, it was considered as necessary to refer to the nature and the characteristics of these contexts, especially regarding their involvement in the development of HRM across Britain. 2. Human Resource Management in Britain 2.1. HR in Britain – overview The form and the development of HRM in Britain have been traditionally related to the local social and cultural trends – a phenomenon common in other countries worldwide. In accordance with Storey (2007, p.4) one of the most critical points for the development of HRM has been its transformation in 1980s. It was then that the personnel management, as the labour management was then organized changed; a new, advanced form of personnel management, the HR management appeared. Like the personnel management in the previous decades, the HR management in Britain had to face a series of significant problems. Regarding this issue, the following comments should be made: HRM, as appeared in Britain in 1980s, also developed in USA and in other countries worldwide. However, it was in Britain where the theoretical context of HRM, as an advanced form of personnel management, was developed. Furthermore, HRM in Britain was not related just to the workplace or the labour laws. It was also related to the local political ideologies, a fact emphasized in the study of Storey (2007). In the above study, emphasis is given on the following fact: HRM in Britain has been related simultaneously with economics and politics, at such point that it could be characterized as a political and economic framework, and not just an organizational framework, as it could be initially thought (Storey 2007, p.4). The dependency of HRM from the political and economic conditions in Britain is clearly explained in the study of Hendry (1995). The above researcher refer to the political and economic environment of 1980s – when HRM appeared – in order to show the close relationship between the external environ ment and the HRM, a phenomenon which made quite clear in Britain. It is explained that during the 1980s the British economy had to face strong pressures because of the turbulences in the global market; inflation in the British market was negatively influenced. As a result, wage inflation was also affected, a problem which faced by increasing the level of wages across the country. Indeed, at that period, the increase of

Creating Healing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Creating Healing - Assignment Example With this kind of trend, it is not easy to remain healthy (Malliori, 2010) One Saturday afternoon, I decided to visit a conservation park and take some time alone to mediate over things that had been happening and how I could deal with them. As I walked through, I reached a certain section which was basically inhabited by the monkeys. I stood from a distance and watched them go about their activities. There were four monkeys which had young ones. One of them sat peacefully on one branch feeding the sibling. On the other hand, the others jumped from one branch to the other. Occasionally, those with young ones would stop to feed them but only for a few minutes before they joined the rest in jumping from branch to branch. In all this, one was able to keep its position for a long time and feed and care for the young one. The observation made me wonder if this was what was happening to me. I found it very similar to my situation. Every time when I seemed to be having a lot of responsibilities at work and at home, my mind always wanders as I keep thinking about how I will do all of them. I keep on being distracted with my concentration jumping from one subject to the other just like the monkeys were jumping form one branch to the next. With such shifting concentration, it is usually hard to accomplish responsibilities and these impacts directly on one’s overall wellbeing (Ellen, 2010). According to Dossey and Keegan (2013), for one to say that he has optimal health, he must be able to balance all the aspects of his life as a person. This is something I was not able to do since while at work, I kept thinking about the responsibilities I had to fulfil at home. While at home I also thought about the unfinished work that I had. I believe I can do this by taming my mind from wandering so as to calm down and concentrate on a single task. The situation raised is very much applicable to case three that has

Wk 4 lab Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wk 4 lab - Essay Example Justice for Davis and fair trial for Lewis and Karel.The splashing of whisky into Davis eyes was willful and intentional. But would the court treat alcohol as a weapon other than firearm? (California penal code section 245).Would it produce great bodily harm. If the answer is yes, then this is a felony charge with a sentence of up to 4 years and a fine of up to $10000, and not the $100000 compensation demanded by Davis.A compensation would preempt prosecution if they settle out of court. The use of violence on Davis by Karel leading to arm dislocation is a simple battery and can be charged as a misdemeanor or a felony. (California penal code section 242-243).There was body contact which led to injury, although no weapon was used. We can also contend that Lewis was a first offender with no record of violent temperament. We would also need to establish whether Lewis and Karel were intoxicated during commission of that offence, such that, we can argue on temporary insanity occasioned by intoxication. Even if these offences were committed in Malcolm parker’s premises, he is not the assailant and when push comes to shove, the assailants should be arraigned, charged, and sued for compensation and

MANAGEMENT DECISION MAKING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

MANAGEMENT DECISION MAKING - Essay Example To harmonize the shareholders’ activities and achieve optimum perspectives within the organization, there exists need for exceptional attention towards strategy of group decision-making. For instance, the personnel must adopt a broader and a more dynamic perspective to enable the full integration of all functions of the organization. Further, the strategies of group decision-making need to designate the collection of lasting goals and objectives concerning the organization’s staff members. The strategies must put in place the modalities to ensure that goals set are achievable. Moreover, necessary resources to guarantee the organizational structure, culture, and value alongside the utilization of personnel to fulfill the organization’s objectives should remain implemented. (Emanoil and Nicoleta, 2013, p. 1526). In the recent past, the decision-making process in CCHT slightly improved. Despite this step, the CCHT management is seemingly not fully involved in the decision-making process, and the situation is bringing up confusion as notable consultant partners seem to make unilateral decisions that run the hospital. Delivery of the health care services in CCHT hospital often remains confined in a situation of inefficiencies and resentment. Therefore, it is imperative to consider an integrated form of group decision-making to ensure smooth and coordinated running of the hospital’s functions. A shared understanding is crucial to ensure effective collaboration of the health care practitioners. In order to integrate an understanding among a diverse group of individuals, there is a need for heterogeneity of the work group to remain effected. (Bittner and Leimeister, 2014, p, 111). The report has a foremost objective of enhancing identification of group-decision makers among the health care professionals. During setting up of a group, confidence of

Critically examine the argument that organizations are gendered and Essay

Critically examine the argument that organizations are gendered and evaluate different strategies for achieving gender equality - Essay Example e established dominance of males in the vast number of areas of public life, women are often placed in a disadvantaged position from the very beginning. Studies have revealed that such gender inequality have grave effects on women’s perceptions of their efficiency and motivation. Some women fall into the trap of giving in to bleak self-fulfilling prophecies that they are not as good as their male co-workers and eventually prove the expectations to be right. Working women are usually faced with a multitude of challenges. On top of balancing their duties and responsibilities as members of their families, they need to be efficient workers and competitive in their chosen professions. One main challenge is the issue of proving themselves as worthy employees to gain equal opportunities with men. Some work places may not be too accepting of the empowerment of women in employment and may strip them of their dignity to make them realize that they do not belong there. Due to the significance of equal opportunities to citizens the world over, laws have been passed to ensure that they are available to everyone. These laws have been designed protect anyone from being discriminated against by reason of sex, marital status, ethnic or national origin, color, race, nationality, age, disability, religion, and differing terms of employment, including pay for jobs of equal value. 1 In the United Kingdom, the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (amended 1986 and in the Employment Act 1989) makes it unlawful to discriminate in terms of gender who is offered the job; opportunities for promotion, transfer and training. (Equal Opportunities Management Guidelines) The Gender Equality Duty, which is included in the new law, requires public bodies to eliminate sex discrimination and promote equality throughout their services, policies, and employment and recruitment practices. The monumental world-wide response to the Platform for Action for the resolution of women’s issues delivered

Paramedic assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Paramedic assessment - Essay Example This results to the sound made by the blood as it forces its way through the vessel (Campbell, 2005, pp. 595). Narrowing of the blood vessels resulting in bruits could be a manifestation of high cholesterol deposits in the vessels thus inhibiting the proper flow of blood. Bruit could equally result from a generalized narrowing of all arteries in the body or because of narrowing of a specific blood vessel. Thinning of individual vessel is prominent especially when it involves a major vessel (Hui, 2011, pp. 60). In the event of a bruit, there is a resultant inhibition of flow of blood to some of the vital organs of the body. Blockage of blood supply to organs like the brain, the kidneys, heart and the liver could result in a permanent damage to the system or even death (Aboyans & Lacroix 2008, pp. 1554). According to Evans et al. (2013, pp. 594), Paramedics have a crucial role to play in the event of a bruit, as the condition is very significant to the profession. Due to the potentiality of the conditions resulting to a bruit causing a sudden death, paramedics must be vigilant in providing interventions like delivery of oxygen to patients experiencing bruits with the aim of providing maximum supply of oxygen to tissues and organs. Bruit demonstrates the significance of collaboration with other health care providers in giving a timely transfer of the patients to specialized care centers providing treatment for a condition resulting to a bruit (Mohler, 2006, pp. 224). Evans, R. et al., 2013. Which extended paramedic skills are making an impact in emergency care and can be related to the UK paramedic system? A systematic review of the literature. Emergency medicine journal†¯: EMJ,

Critically examine the argument that organizations are gendered and Essay

Critically examine the argument that organizations are gendered and evaluate different strategies for achieving gender equality - Essay Example e established dominance of males in the vast number of areas of public life, women are often placed in a disadvantaged position from the very beginning. Studies have revealed that such gender inequality have grave effects on women’s perceptions of their efficiency and motivation. Some women fall into the trap of giving in to bleak self-fulfilling prophecies that they are not as good as their male co-workers and eventually prove the expectations to be right. Working women are usually faced with a multitude of challenges. On top of balancing their duties and responsibilities as members of their families, they need to be efficient workers and competitive in their chosen professions. One main challenge is the issue of proving themselves as worthy employees to gain equal opportunities with men. Some work places may not be too accepting of the empowerment of women in employment and may strip them of their dignity to make them realize that they do not belong there. Due to the significance of equal opportunities to citizens the world over, laws have been passed to ensure that they are available to everyone. These laws have been designed protect anyone from being discriminated against by reason of sex, marital status, ethnic or national origin, color, race, nationality, age, disability, religion, and differing terms of employment, including pay for jobs of equal value. 1 In the United Kingdom, the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (amended 1986 and in the Employment Act 1989) makes it unlawful to discriminate in terms of gender who is offered the job; opportunities for promotion, transfer and training. (Equal Opportunities Management Guidelines) The Gender Equality Duty, which is included in the new law, requires public bodies to eliminate sex discrimination and promote equality throughout their services, policies, and employment and recruitment practices. The monumental world-wide response to the Platform for Action for the resolution of women’s issues delivered

Farm Financial Standards Council Case Study Essay

Farm Financial Standards Council Case Study - Essay Example Activity based costing on the basis of identified and mutually agreed activities and grouped under Production Cost Centers, Support Cost Centers and Profit Centers is definitely a more logical and inclusive approach as it traces the flow of all agricultural inputs and outputs. It is similar to process costing methods used in the manufacturing industries where the cost of every subsequent department is added to the previous ones and after elimination of waste products, we are left with the final cost of the finished products as they emerge from the last department into the finished goods inventory. For a farm the finished product would be the different crops produced. Although the first solution is more amenable to the situation at John and Mary’s Farm, the second is proposed as a better starting point for any type of agricultural enterprise. The benefits of the first solution are that it uses well regarded units such as acres for corn crop and bushels for soybean marketing whi ch are logical and make very good sense (Case Study, pp 6-7). The reports generated in the first solution are also quite detailed and show quarter-wise production costs and expenses for each crop planted and reaped. There are also reports of inventories of different crops produced and sold, which includes cost per bushel or acre as well as in dollar terms. Such type of management reporting and control is a farmer’s dream. He is able to know the costs and expenses on all that he has grown so that he can price it better in the marketplace. Of course the second solution just proposes an alternative and more logical starting point for all types of agricultural enterprises, and would be an invaluable guide to using the ABC method for newly established farming organizations. It is definitely more detailed and logical. ABC information can even be used to reengineer processes and make other improvements to quality while still cutting costs (www.prosci.com/abc1.htm). 2. If the Farm Co uncil Case did not use Activity Based Costing, identify several dysfunctional decisions that could be made using traditional cost allocation. Which solution do you prefer, the initial or alternative solution proposed in the case? Explain the difference between the suggested solution and alternative solution. As we already know, activity based costing and volume based costing are the two alternative methods in use today, in many enterprises across the world. The drawbacks of the traditional or volume based costing methods are well known. It seeks to allocate indirect costs or overheads on arbitrary bases like machine hours used or labor hours consumed that are not truly representative of costs incurred on various activities or products produced (Roztocki, 1998). ABC method on the other hand focuses on indirect costs or overheads, tracing each expense to a particular cost object. It makes indirect expenses more directly attributable to products and activities. ABC is particularly pref erred when overheads are high and products are diverse. The basic premise of ABC is that cost object consume activities and activities consume resources. Resource consumption drives costs, and understanding the relationship between resource consumption and activities is critical to managing overhead. If the farm chose to use traditional costing methods instead of activity

The Damage Of Theft To A Company Business Essay

The Damage Of Theft To A Company Business Essay Employee theft is always been costly to any business. This is still more appropriate in case of big retail chain organizations. The enhanced security arrangements in the recent times have made this topic more important than ever. This research is conducted to investigate the possible reasons for employee theft in supermarkets in Malaysia. It identifies the relationship between various factors with the employee theft behavior. It aimed to develop a model to help big retail chain organizations to design effective internal control systems to prevent/reduce employee theft. This chapter covers the following sections: 1. Background to the research 2. Malaysian retail industry and retail shrinkage 3. Research problem, issues and objectives 4. Justification for research 5. Whats new in this research? 6. Organization of this thesis 7. Definition of terms and 8. Summary 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE RESEARCH Retailing crime continues to be a challenge for businesses in the USA and elsewhere (National Retail Security Survey, 2003). Retailing crime is financial loss attributable to a combination of various factors like customer theft, employee theft, internal error (administrative or process error) and supplier-vendor frauds. The recent worldwide shrinkage survey revealed 42.4% of the retail shrinkage was due to customer theft, 35.3% due to employee theft, 16.9% due to internal error and 5.4% due to suppliers-vendors frauds. Total global shrinkage in the 42 countries surveyed costs retailers U.S. $107.3 billion ($107,284 million), equivalent to 1.36% of retail sales: a serious threat to retailers bottom lines particularly at a time when many retailers are beginning to feel the pinch of an economic downturn. A key point to be noted is that the cost of shrink is ultimately borne by not only retailers, but also by consumers and society at large. Here Shrinkage or shrink refers to an accountan cy figure, reflecting the difference between the financial revenue the business should have received (based upon inventory and purchases) and the amount actually received. (The Global Retail Theft Barometer, 2010). The Barometer further confirms that retail shrink is a global issue: it is a common problem across all countries, regions and market sectors. The Barometer further points out that In 2010, thieves stole a very wide range of merchandise, but tended to focus on expensive popular branded items including: razor blades/shaving products; cosmetics/face creams and perfumes; smart phones and electrical gadgets; alcohol; fresh meat/expensive foodstuff; electric toothbrushes, electronic monitoring devices; infant formula and coffee; DVDs and electronic games; fashion (especially branded items, leather, handbags and accessories); sports-branded goods and sports shoes; electronic goods; branded sunglasses and watches. The survey tells that over 6.2 million customer and employee thiev es were apprehended last year. Employee theft is second major component of retail shrinkage due to the huge retail space in supermarkets and big size retail organizations. Employee theft can be defined as the theft of anything of value from the retailer by an employee or accomplice. The term anything of value includes cash, merchandise, property, services and information. Employee theft occurs mostly at the checkout area followed by the sales area and the customer desk/courtesy area (Hollinger and Clark, 1983). The theft methods include stealing merchandise, stealing cash, retaining receipts to show stolen items were paid for, voiding a sale or making a no-sale after a customer has paid and pocketing the cash, overcharging, shortchanging, coupon stuffing, credits for nonexistent returns and sliding product through the lane without charging. Other examples include warehouse personnel stealing stocked items, and cleaning and maintenance personnel removing valuables with the trash. Employee theft also takes place at the point-of-receipt of merchandise and includes losses due to payment for goods not received. Employee theft is any use or misuse or stealing of employers assets by the employees without permission to do so (Justice J. Walsh, 2000). Money is the most common asset that is stolen from employers. Theft of time happens when an employee is paid for the time which he/she did not work. Usually this happens by falsifying of time records. Technically, theft of time also includes employees who are not working while on the job, although legally this is very difficult to prove. Theft of supplies is another usual form of employee theft. Examples of this form of theft are office supplies (computers, papers, cabinets, etc.) and restaurant supplies (food, silverware, condiments, etc.). Another example of theft of company property is product displays. Overcharging the customers and subsequently pocketing the extra cash can totally affect a business credibility, because it affects not only the employer but also the customers. If the customers find out that a business is overcharging, it can hu rt that business growth. This is very familiar in restaurants because many restaurants do not keep a close eye on their employees actions. Stealing information is perhaps the most damaging form of theft. Familiar examples of this nature are theft of trade secrets and product designs. A number of studies have been conducted in United States, Canada and in European countries about the employee theft in retail organizations and super markets. The US Chamber of Commerce estimates that US employers lose $20 billion to $40 billion a year due to employee theft. It also states that 30% of all business failures are caused by employee theft (David J Shaffer and Ronald A Schmidt 2006). For every dollar stolen, supermarkets need to sell at least $50 more of goods to make up the loss (George H Condon, 2003). Happy employees steal less in United States (Jennifer Korolishin 2003). Shrink losses due to employee theft can equal the profits in Canada (George H Condon 2003). 1.2 MALAYSIAN RETAIL INDUSTRY AND RETAIL SHRINKAGE Malaysias retail trade touched at RM122.54 billion for the year 2009, up 106.37 per cent from 2005. Growth has averaged 26.59 per cent yearly from 2005 to 2009. Retail sales touched RM59.38 billion during 2005, increased to RM71.69 billion during 2006, gone up to RM95.67 billion in 2007, improved to RM116.10 billion during 2008 and risen to RM122.54 billion in 2009. In the first quarter of 2010, it touched the ever seen highest amount of 32.33 billion (Department of Statistics, Malaysia). From 2006 to 2008, increased urbanization and education saw Malaysians become even more sophisticated and demanding with their shopping experiences. This brought about the development of quality, world-class malls across the country in this period, such as 1Borneo; these malls house a strong array of international brands which are uniquely suited to the discerning needs of consumers. Therefore, new lifestyle retail concepts have become more popular in Malaysia, with retailers offering unique merchan dise to cater to the needs of specific consumers. For instance, Robinsons Malaysia has 50 to 60 exclusive brands for shoppers, whilst Tangs in the Pavilion Kuala Lumpur claims to be the Generation Three Tangs store, a store that encompasses Tangs signature shopping concepts alongside being localized to meet the needs of Malaysian consumers. Store-based Retailing Achieves a Better Performance Inevitably, store-based retailing maintained its dominance from 2006 to 2008, with slightly stronger growth than non-store retailing. The development of shopping malls across the country from 2006 to 2008, especially in secondary towns, such as the opening of The Spring in Sarawak and East Coast Mall in Kuantan, further boosted the performance of store-based retailing. Direct selling continued to dominate non-store retailing, with internet retailing exhibiting the strongest current value growth, albeit from a small base. Interestingly, non-store retailer Dell also opened its first physical counter at Tec Asia in early 2008, representing an increased crossover by non-store retailers in an effort to expand their growth. Employee retail theft in select retail businesses in Malaysia during 2009-2010 The Global Retail Theft Barometer was released in October, 2010 for the period between July, 2009 and June, 2010. In Malaysia, 19 retailers with a combined sale of US$1.974 billion participated in the survey. The findings of the survey reveal that as a percentage of total sales, retail shrinkage in Malaysia was 1.53 per cent. In this, the customer theft amounts to 51.6% (US$132.10 million) This was followed by employee theft at 22.3 % (US$57.09 million) and supplier or vendor theft at 5.9% (US$15.19 million). The remaining 20.2% of financial loss amounting to US$51.71 million was due to administrative errors. As per the findings of The Global Retail Theft Barometer, the methods of employee retail theft in select Malaysian retail businesses are as follows: Table 1.1 Main methods of employee retail theft in select retail businesses in Malaysia: Cash, coupons and vouchers 18.6% Merchandise 38.3% Refund fraud, false markdown 27.3% Large financial frauds 6.9% Collusion 8.9% Total 100 Source: The Global Retail Theft Barometer, 2008 RESEARCH PROBLEM, ISSUES AND OBJECTIVES It is a difficult job to correctly approximate the amount of revenue lost through employees theft by way of cash, goods, and services because much of these activities remain undetected, unnoticed or unpublicized. It has been estimated that as much as 75% of losses attributable to employee theft is undetected because of the difficulty in separating inventory shrinkage into its major internal (theft) and external (shoplifting) component parts (Green, 1997). Like the Global Retail Theft Barometer, many other studies have also made an attempt to identify the base rate for employee theft (see Ash, 1988; Brooks and Arnold, 1989; Jones et aL, 1990; Slora, 1989; Wimbush and Dalton, 1997). The results have shown a wide-range of estimates ranging from 3 to 62 percent. Thus it could be seen that employee theft is an expensive problem for an organization; it has been reported as 10 times as costly as Americas street crime (Greenberg, 1997). The amount of property theft alone has been estimated to be $40 billion per year (Shapiro, Trevino, Victor, 1995), and about one third of employees admit that they steal from their employers (Kamp Brooks, 1991). Researches on antecedents and other correlates of employee theft have focused on two broad categories of factors: individual (personality) factors and situational factors. Both of these factors are important and have practical implications for businesses. Individual factors are variables that employers mostly cannot control; employers may only be able to respond to them. Situational factors such strong policies about theft, safeguards, etc., are much more under the control of employers. The central objective of this research is to investigate the key research problem: What are the factors contributing to workplace theft behavior of the employees of retail floor of super markets in Malaysia and how the internal control systems help to prevent/reduce the workplace theft behavior in case of the employees of Supermarkets in Malaysia. The following are the research objectives to investigate this key research problem: Objectives: a) General objective: To study the various factors contributing to the intention to steal in the supermarkets in Malaysia and also to study the relationship between the internal control systems and workplace theft behavior in the supermarkets in Malaysia. b) Specific objectives: 1) To identify the possible reasons leading to the intention to steal by the employees in supermarkets in Malaysia. 2) To find out the relationship between the individual factors and the intention to steal in supermarkets in Malaysia. 3) To find out the relationship between the organizational factors and the intention to steal in supermarkets in Malaysia. 4) To find out the relationship between the intention to steal and the workplace theft behavior of the employees of supermarkets in Malaysia. 5) To determine the moderating effects of internal control systems between the intention to steal and workplace theft behavior of the employees in supermarkets in Malaysia. 6) To identify the effective internal control systems to prevent/reduce employee theft in supermarkets in Malaysia. The research issues and related objectives to investigate the research problem are described in Table 1.2 Table 1.2 Research Issues and Objectives Research issue Research objective 1. What are the reasons contributing intention to steal by the employees in retail floor of supermarkets in Malaysia? To identify the possible reasons leading to the intention to steal by the employees in supermarkets in Malaysia. 2. What is the relationship between theindividual factors and the intention to steal in supermarkets in Malaysia? To find out the relationship between the individual factors and the intention to steal in supermarkets in Malaysia. 3. What is the relationship between theorganizational factors and the intention to steal in supermarkets in Malaysia? To find out the relationship between the organizational factors and the intention to steal in supermarkets in Malaysia. 4. What is the relationship between the intention to steal and the workplace theft behavior of the employees of supermarkets in Malaysia? To find out the relationship between the intention to steal and the workplace theft behavior of the employees of supermarkets in Malaysia. 5. What are the moderating effects of internal control systems between the intention to steal and workplace theft behavior of the employees in supermarkets in Malaysia? To determine the moderating effects of internal control systems between the intention to steal and workplace theft behavior of the employees in supermarkets in Malaysia. 6. What are the effective internal control systems to prevent/reduce employee theft in supermarkets in Malaysia? To identify the effective internal control systems to prevent/reduce employee theft in supermarkets in Malaysia. Employee theft in a retail organization can be defined as the theft of anything of value from the retailer by an employee or accomplice. The term anything of value includes cash, merchandise, property, services and information. In retail organizations employee theft occurs mostly at the checkout area followed by the sales area and the customer desk/courtesy area (Hollinger and Clark, 1983). Methods include stealing merchandise, stealing cash, retaining receipts to show stolen items were paid for, voiding a sale or making a no-sale after a customer has paid and pocketing the cash, overcharging, shortchanging, coupon stuffing, credits for nonexistent returns and sliding product through the lane without charging. Other examples include warehouse personnel stealing stocked items, and cleaning and maintenance personnel removing valuables with the trash. Employee theft also takes place at the point-of-receipt of merchandise and includes losses due to payment for goods not received. US reta ilers have recognized for years that employee theft is a huge and growing problem (Mathews, 1997). These losses were, on average, 1.72 percent of retail sales, comparable in magnitude to retail profit margins as a percentage of sales. Surveys by UKs Center for Retail Research (2001) and the Retail Council of Canada (2001) broadly corroborate these figures and demonstrate that concern about retail shrinkage is not restricted to US retailers alone. Together, with the amounts stolen, the cost of preventing theft imposes a substantial burden on retailers. Employee theft has been cited as a primary factor in 30 percent or more of all business failures (Snyder et al., 1991). Theft from retailers can result in bankruptcy or near closure. It results in lost raises and bonuses if not layoffs for employees, and higher prices for customers as the following quote argues: A store operating at 3 percent profit on sales would have to sell $1,216.66 worth of merchandise a year to make up for the da ily loss of a ten-cent candy bar. Just to cover a yearly loss of $1,000 in thefts, a retailer would have to sell each day over 900 candy bars, or 130 packs of cigarettes, or 380 cans of soup. Faced with such unreasonable selling volumes most small business people are forced instead to raise their prices and lower their ability to compete (Verril, 1999). Researchers and employers appear to agree generally on how to define employee theft. Researchers studying this phenomenon have defined employee theft broadly as an employees unauthorized taking, control, or transfer of money, goods, and/or services of an employer committed during the normal course of work activity (Merriam, 1977). Organizations create policies that fit this general definition and further identify the specific types of behavior considered to be theft in their particular context. By enacting such policies, organizations seek to shape the employee perceptions of inappropriate behavior. However, these policies often fail to generate a common perception among employees as to the types of behavior considered employee theft. While most employees agree that some types of behaviors (such as stealing cash) are theft, other types of behaviors are seen by employees as more ambiguous. For example, the unauthorized taking of food by restaurant workers would be included in the above definition of theft, but some employees may consider such stealing a perk of the job. Indeed, researchers suggest that employees are unlikely to share common definitions of employee theft (J. Greenberg, 1998; L. Greenberg Barling, 1996; J. Greenberg Scott, 1996; Hollinger Clark, 1983; Tatham, 1974). Hollinger and Clark (1983) found that several types of employee theft occur in organizations and that social norm consensus did not exist among the employees they interviewed with respect to acceptable and unacceptable (theft) behavior. Social norm consensus represents the amount of agreement among coworkers as to whether a specific type of behavior constitutes theft. This research also is consistent with Mischels (1973) work on cognitive social learning, which suggests that situations vary in the degree to which they determine and limit individuals attitudes and behavior. That is, situations with a high degree of social norm consensus serve to limit individuals to specific thoughts and actions. Social norm consensus is likely to play an important role in labeling an ob served behavior as theft. Although some theoretical work (J. Greenberg, 1998) indicates that lack of agreement among organizational members as to what is considered theft and non-theft is likely to affect whether a particular individual defines a specific incident as employee theft, this has not been empirically demonstrated. There has been some previous research on the matter of retail employee theft, although in recent times there seems to have been a dearth of interest in this topic. For example, Tatham (1974) conducted a survey of retail employees to determine their perceptions of theft from their employers. They classified the respondents into two groups: non-takers, that is, those who do not steal from their employers; and takers, those who engage in stealing. An interesting finding was that, though non-takers were less reluctant than takers to report fellow employees who engaged in stealing, in general, there was much reluctance by employees to report fellow employees who stole. Tatham also found that there was little effect of the value of the item taken on the employees admission to stealing. Hair et al., (1976) conducted a survey of some 254 retail employers to assess their perceptions of, and responses to, employee theft. They found that employers were likely to underestimate the level of emplo yee theft. As did Tatham (1974), they also found that the value of the item taken by the employees had little effect on the employees admission of stealing; however, it had a substantial influence on the employers perceptions of what constituted stealing. While Tatham (1974) found that some 50 percent of employees reported stealing from their employers, about 80 percent of retailers in the Hair et al.,(1976) study believed that employee theft accounted for less than 2 percent of their total shrinkage and that no more than 2 percent of their employees stole. Other researchers engaged in this stream of research have looked at such issues as: personnel selection and its contribution to reduction of employee theft (Brown and Pardue, 1985; Jones et al., 1990); the impact of product identification and posting of losses from shrinkage on employee theft rates (Carter et al., 1988); and the use of internal control procedures to stem employee theft (Kennish, 1985; Snyder et al., 1989). In more recent work, Oliphant and Oliphant (2001) used a behavior-based method in an effort to determine the level of shrinkage in a drug store outlet in the USA, and to assess reliability of the employers estimates of the level of shrinkage. Rather than posting shrinkage information on individual targeted items in the employee break and lunch area, the researchers posted the total dollar amount of shrinkage and the number of items missing due to shrinkage. During the eight-week period of their study, the store achieved an 82 percent decrease in the number of items stolen each week and a 74 percent decrease in monetary loss. Working in conjunction with the retail store, these researchers were able to assist with identification of and reduction in theft of store merchandise by employees. Bamfield (2004) surveyed 476 major European retailers regarding shrinkage and found variations in the shrinkage rates across countries. European retailers ranked employee theft second among the sources of shrinkage (29 percent), in contrast to the USA, where employee theft was perceived by retailers to be the leading source of shrinkage (47 percent). Though retail employee theft can take many forms (for example, giving of unauthorized discounts, theft of cash, theft of merchandise, time theft, violation of sick leave and time-off policies, and so on), the theft of cash and merchandise is most profound, and, so, is the focus of our attention. Retailers continue to struggle with this issue and continue to use a number of different policies in an effort to avert, or minimize, the problem. Among the policies are: pre-employment screening; policy and procedure manuals; loss prevention awareness programs; human resources programs, including decent retail wages and employee incentives; as w ell as various detection procedures (National Retail Security Survey, 2003). In spite of these factors, retail employee theft still continues to be the factor that contributes most to retail shrinkage in the USA. Hence, there should be focus on efforts to understand retail employee theft. The idea of employees stealing is such a difficult concept for many managers to comprehend that they do not use the words, theft or stealing, to describe the deviant actions of employees. Euphemistic or politically correct words such as inventory shrinkage, spoilage, pilferage, shortage, unaccounted loss, or defalcation are more commonly used to describe employee theft, which reflects an attitude of denial and avoids the image of criminal activity. Because an employee is considered part of the family, it is hard to accept that someone you hired and worked with would steal from you. When caught, employees are often treated less harshly than someone not employed who steals from the firm (Kennish, 1985). Many employers consider employee theft as an unpreventable, unpleasant situation which is just part of doing business (Kennish, 1985). They expect employees to steal. The problem of employee theft is further exasperated by what constitutes employee misconduct. Some employers believe a pencil here and there, use of the copier for personal use, or five dollars worth of long distance calls per month on the office phone are acceptable. When employers exhibit such an attitude, it establishes an organizational atmosphere that management condones employee theft (Kamp and Brooks, 1991). Thus, employees view stealing from the company as an acceptable and justifiable behavior. It also makes it difficult to prosecute stealing, since it is difficult to determine what level of stealing is unacceptable. Employers face the prospects of going out of-business if they cannot control the costs of lost services, cash, and products. Statistics provided by the US Chamber of Commerce indicate that 50 percent of all small business failures in the first year of business can be attributed to employee theft (Business Strategy, 1995). Insurance companies estimate one-third of all business failures can be attributed to employee theft (Miner and Capps, 1996; Snyder and Blair, 1989; Snyder et aL, 1989; Bourke, 1992). The alternative is to develop anti-theft measures (i.e. honesty tests, surveillance devices) to prevent employees from stealing which then add costs to doing business. The employer must decide which costs are greater; to catch a thief, or to accept it as the inevitable (Taylor, 1986) and pass these costs on to the consumer by raising the prices. However, to determine a cost benefit analysis, one must know the amount of employee theft being conducted. As stated earlier, it is difficult to determine the amount of business losses attributed to employee theft. For example, in the retail sector, shrinkage losses are attributed to shoplifting, employee theft, administrative error, and vendor fraud. Distinction among these categories is difficult to calculate. Most companies cannot measure the amount of employee theft accurately and the amounts that are calculated are at best, informed guesses (Baker and Westin, 1987). Robinson and Bennett (1995) used a broad category of deviant workplace behaviors within which theft may be investigated. Two dimensions of deviance, ranging from minor (m) to serious (s) and organizational (o) to interpersonal (i), can be combined to form four counterproductive behavior categories: property deviance (s, o), production deviance (m, o), political deviance (m, i), and personal aggression (s, i). In this study, they focused on the model dimensions of serious and minor incidents of organizational deviance, or production deviance and property deviance. These categories subsume specific behaviors of time theft (production deviance) and physical theft (property deviance). Property deviance includes employee behaviors that involve the unauthorized taking, control, or transfer of money or property of the formal work organization by an employee, either for the employees own use or for sale to another, during the course of occupational activity (Greenberg, 1997; Hollinger Clark, 1983b). It includes behaviors such as misuse of employee discounts; taking merchandise, supplies, or information for personal use or sale; filching money or production materials; and falsifying time records. The boundaries of employee theft as defined here do not include theft of coworker property. Production deviance includes what has been referred to as work withdrawal behavior. These behaviors can take the form of reduced productivity, increased absenteeism and tardiness, low job involvement, and low organizational commitment (Hanisch, Hulin, Roznowski, 1998). The production deviance construct also includes behaviors such as leaving work early and taking unauthorized breaks (Blau, 1998). Individuals engage in these behaviors to maximize or maintain social and organizational roles. When these motives conflict with formal job responsibilities or when employees are dissatisfied, individuals minimize time spent on formal job tasks (Hanisch Hulin, 1991). Production deviance behaviors that result in the reduction of time working (e.g. tardiness, absenteeism, abuse of sick time, unauthorized breaks, socializing, loitering) are considered to be time theft. Many researchers use attitudes such as dissatisfaction to predict deviant employee behavior (Bolin Heatherly, 2001). According to Murphy (1993), satisfied individuals tend to exhibit pro-social behaviors, whereas unsatisfied individuals tend to commit acts of property and production deviance. Hanisch and Hulins (1991) definition of work withdrawal assumes that dissatisfaction is the catalyst for behaviors such as time theft. Individuals involved in employee theft also are often involved in other deviant behaviors (Murphy). Hollinger and Clark (1983b) found relations between job dissatisfaction and property deviance among samples of retail and hospital employees, but not manufacturing employees. They also found a significant relation between job dissatisfaction and production deviance (i.e., work withdrawal or time theft) in all three industries. Differences between the strength of relation between satisfaction and property deviance and satisfaction and production deviance could occur because of perceived differences in organizational sanctions for these behaviors. Johns (1998) suggested that work context may constrain the exhibition of one withdrawal behavior while allowing the expression of another theoretically related behavior. Hanisch et al. (1998) suggested that the set of withdrawal behaviors that manifests as a result of negative job attitudes is a function of the situation and job constraints. These sanctions and constraints would be communicated by an organizations climate for theft. According to Murphy (1993), many researchers have acknowledged the importance of situational factors to employee deviance, but few have examined this relationship. Boye and Jones (1997) suggested that the effect of specific aspects of climate for theft should be examined. Climate for theft includes the opportunity to steal and the perceived and communicated norms of the organization, management, and work group. Included in these norms is the attitude toward theft, perceived extent of coworker and management theft, perceived certainty of sanctions for theft, and perceived severity of sanctions for theft. Hollinger and Clark (1983a) examined the conditions under which employees commit theft. They found that the perception of certainty and severity of organizational sanctions were related to employee theft. The perceived certainty of sanctions had a stronger relation with theft than did the perceived severity of sanctions. The least theft occurred in situations in which sanctions were p erceived as severe and certain. Greenberg (1997) suggested that norms, unwritten rules that guide behavior and contribute to an organizations climate, often condone or encourage employee theft. For example, managers who engage in theft may establish a norm that such behavior is tolerated. Managers also may encourage theft by allowing employees to use equipment and materials for personal use or rewarding extra behaviors with free or highly discounted products (Greenberg). If steal-friendly norms have been established and the organizational climate is perceived as permissive to such actions, employees may steal to fit in or get along with their coworkers. Consistent with this climate-based influence, Hollinger and Clark (1983b) found that the influence of coworker attitudes on theft behavior was stronger than that of management sanctions or employee fear of reprisal. Thus a number of studies are availa

Essay --

One with Nature William Wordsworth wrote the poem â€Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud† in the year of 1802 while he was walking home with his sister Dorothy, and they discovered and saw a patch of daffodils (http://writersalmanac.publicradio.org/). This poem deals with the interchange between human and nature, and then due to the comparison between the poet and the daffodils, the poet makes himself a piece or part of nature. Furthermore, the daffodils are portrayed as heavenly and spiritual creatures who â€Å"dance† (l 6) which makes the poet become one as well. This symbolizes the poets mind’s overflow of ideas which inspire him to write, and it leads to his mind’s rebirth. Hence, the poet uses figurative language and form to show the overflow of ideas and rebirth that is achieved through the exchange between man and nature. Wordsworth makes use of similes and personifications to convey an exchange between man and nature. To begin with, the poet utilizes the simile â€Å"I wandered lonely as a cloud† (l 1) to compare himself to a cloud. Due to the cloud existing as a part of nature, when he compares himself to it, he becomes a part of the natural world as well. The poet then personifies the daffodils with the assistance of the words â€Å"crowd†(l 3) and â€Å"dancing† (l 6). These terms are human attributes given to the daffodils, thus making the daffodils â€Å"human†. Furthermore, the poet uses these terms to construct a simile comparing daffodils and humans. When these daffodils, which are now â€Å"human†, are compared to humans, which are a part of nature, they interchange positions. Therefore, through the usage of similes and personifications, Wordsworth exhibits an exchange between man and nature. Following this exchange between man and nature,... ...would not be complete. This overlap, which completes the meaning, is an overflow of thoughts. Therefore, the couplets, both being excessive and overlapping, symbolize an overflow of thoughts. The poem conveys a trinity that unites as one through the number of stanzas. In the first three stanzas, the poet is wandering in nature and is experiencing the beauty of nature. The stanzas, being three, and dealing with the beauty of nature that is said to be heavenly symbolizes the trinity between man, nature, and god. Furthermore, the fourth stanza deals with the poet’s remembrance of nature on the couch. The fourth stanza, being one, deals with the unison of both nature and heavenly into men. Hence, the first three stanzas symbolize the exchange between man and nature that leads to an exchange between man and god, and the fourth stanza symbolizes them becoming one in man.

History and Identity :: essays research papers

à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Historyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Historyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Thesis: Knowing oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s history can change oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s outlook on life through understanding oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s identity. I. Having relationships is a great outlet for helping find oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s identity. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Relationships between parent and child. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Relationships between siblings. II. Love shows and teaches one responsibility, which help with understanding oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s history and identity. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Having love for oneself is a way for understanding oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s identity. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Having love for oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s family shows that one has love for oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s history and family values. III. Of all ways one can understand oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s identity and history, knowing about the generations in oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s family provides understanding. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The knowledge obtain from generations in oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s family, brings understanding about oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s history and family values.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 What is it about life that is important? Many might say sex is important in life, others may say that having fun is what life is all about, few may say that is it knowing where one has come from. All of these thought may be right but in most cases what one knows about ones history make one a stronger person. Alice Walkerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s short story, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Everyday Use,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? shows just how important it is for one to know about oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s history. Knowing oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s history can change oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s outlook on life through finding oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s identity. In order to understand oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s history it is important to have family values, which teaches the importance of relationships, love, and generation wisdom. Having relationships is a great outlet for helping find oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s identity. A relationship between parent and child teaches respect. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“I did something I never had done before: hugged Maggie to me, then dragged her on into the room, snatched the quilts out of Miss Wangeroà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hands dumped them into Maggieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lap (70).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Not only do relationships teach one about respect it also teaches discipline. Having discipline makes one have a better character, it able one to become more in touch with oneself and oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s history. Relationship amongst siblings is also a way of finding and understanding oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s history. This relationship shows one how to care for someone. If the relationship among sibling is not strong than it will divide a family and stray away from family values. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Maggie canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t appreciate these quilts, sheà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢d probably be backward enough t o put them to everyday use (70).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? These quotes are prime examples of relationship. It   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 also shows the importance in knowing and having relationships in order to understand oneself. Love shows and teaches one responsibility, which help with understanding oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s history and identity.

Measurement research paper

There is a saying that efforts of measurement depend on the out come of global teams. The difference between the outcome and the process isn’t so important but only that during research, what is measured depends on the work of the teams.Measurement can be seen as investing in order to make a descion or a desired outcome. But also, there has to be some questions answered like what, when and how to measure. As for when to measure, this depends on the rates and time of team performances, as for how to measure this is based on the instrument going to be used in measuring.The use of measurement includes researching, getting the problem diagonised, training feedback and lastly evaluation in areas of training and selection.  Measurement attributes help in knowing what behaviours to concentrate on and determine. Behaviours examined leads to organizing attributes. These behaviours are usually organised in an allocation of a task.Volume is the space which a liquid occupies in a contai ner. Volume measuring units include gallons, cups, and quarts but there is what we call the systems of metric which include litres and millilitres. The instruments used to collect the units may include measuring cups, cylinders, measuring spoons and beakers. In the case of measuring a liquid volume that is small for example if it is something like medicine (syrup), the best unit of measure to use is milliteres, If it is something which has a little more volume for example sugar in a sugar bowl, then its better to use a cup, but if this volume is actually liquid then it means the right unit of measure is pints. If the liquid is in a large volume then gallons are best to use. The best formula to use while measuring the volume in a bucket may be pi multiplied by 2r (radius) multiplied by h (height) which is  Ã‚  Ã‚   pi*2r*hArea is an enclosed dimensional geometric figure spaceThe formula for measuring area in a bucket may be pie multiplied by pi multiplied by 2r (radius) multiplied by h (height) which is pi*2r*hLength is usually the space between the beginning of an object or point to the end. The space in between is what is called length. The distance around the object is called its perimeter. The measurement systems of length include customary units and metric units. And these include centimetres, miles or kilometeres.Lets say you are interested in measuring lengths which are short like the length of your face, then the best to use is centimetres. If you are measuring distances which are long for example from your house till the capital city centre, then the best is kilometres and miles. The best formula to use while measuring the length in a bucket may include 2 multiplied by pi multiplied r(radius) which is 2*pi*rWeight is amount of gravitational force on an object. The devices used to measure weight can include calibrated scale and two arm balance. Weight has customary units of measure and these are pounds. The metric units of measure are kilograms. If on e wants to measure an object which is small or little, the best to use is milligrams, when the object is a bit bigger for example a glass, then the best to use is grams, then if the object is more bigger like if you want to know what your weight is, then the best to use is the kilograms and pounds, above all if the object is very very big like   a big animal like a giraffe, then you are free to use tons and kilograms as your units of measure.REFERENCESNeely, J. (2004). University of Northern Iowa. Retrieved March 14, 2007Pollock, N., & Thompson, S. (1998). University of Richmond. Retrieved March 14, 2007Brannick, M. T., Salas, E., & Prince, C. (Eds.). (1997). Team Performance Assessment and Measurement: Theory, Methods, and Applications. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Censorship of Electronic Communication Systems Essay

Communication system of society is changing rapidly with the time. In ancient ages people use to communicate with shouting. If people are much more apart from one another the letter writing was the only means of communication just before 500 years. Due to rapid development of science, now a days a message can be passed to millions of people who all are scattered in whole world by a simple electronic communication system. Due to electronic communication devices true as well as false message can be spread to the people with in short time, this may cause negative impact on society and country. For shake of betterment sometime it is necessary to censor some of the news, ideas, books etc in the electronic communication. Electronic Communication. Every day, in our work and in our leisure time, we come in contact with and use a variety of modern communication systems and communication media, the most common being the telephone, radio, television, and the Internet. Through these media we are able to communicate (nearly) instantaneously with people on different continents, transact our daily business, and receive information about various developments and events of note that occur all around the world. Electronic mail and facsimile transmission have made it possible to rapidly communicate written messages across great distances. Facebook, twiter, Hi5, blogs, online radio, online newspaper etc are the easiest way to spread a news or rumor. Censorship. Censorship — the control of the information and ideas circulated within a society — has been a hallmark of dictatorships throughout history. In the 20th Century, censorship was achieved through the examination of books, plays, films, television and radio programs, news reports, and other forms of communication for the purpose of altering or suppressing ideas found to be objectionable or offensive. The rationales for censorship have varied, with some censors targeting material deemed to be indecent or obscene; heretical or blasphemous; or seditious or treasonous. Thus, ideas have been suppressed under the guise of protecting three basic social institutions: the family, the church, and the state. Censorship is the suppression of speech or other public communication which may be considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or inconvenient as determined by a government, media outlet, or other controlling body. It can be done by governments and private organizations or by individuals who engage in self-censorship. It occurs in a variety of different contexts including speech, books, music, films, and other arts, the press, radio, television, and the Internet for a variety of reasons including national security, to control obscenity, child pornography, and hate speech, to protect children, to promote or restrict political or religious views, and to prevent slander and libel. It may or may not be legal. Many countries provide strong protections against censorship by law, but none of these protections are absolute and it is frequently necessary to balance conflicting rights in order to determine what can and cannot be censored. Example of Censorship: 1. Mobile network coverage was not allowed in Chittagong hill districts for insurgency problem. Insurgents and miscreants used to communicate with each other and operate against general people. 2. Censorship is also imposed on social media like facebook, tweeter, YouTube in many Muslim country like Syria, Pakistan , Bangladesh, Indonesia etc for protesting against disrespect to their beloved prophet. 3. People below 18 years are not allowed to watch or visit some of the adult site or web/books. 4. Recently in our country its one of the hot topic .Some blogger insulted our beloved prophet through the blog. To stop violation among people Bangldesh government stop some of the blogs. Benefits of Censorship It is evident that the hotly debated issue concerning media censorship is hardly started, especially in today’s ever changing media. With the ever changing medial rules and regulations, media authorities are always on their toes with regards to evaluating what is fit for publication or broadcast. This article aims at highlighting both the pros and cons of censorship. 1. National Issue: a. In present days a country involve in developing nuclear weapon impasses ban on telecasting or broadcasting any news regarding nuclear weapon subject. b. A scandal or spreading obnoxious picture of very high official of the country needs a immediate censorship on electronic midea. 2. Censorship on news: During martial law special censorship is done in print and electronic media. 3. Protects young children. The most obvious benefit of censorship includes radical regulations aimed at protecting children from obscene content. Moreover, media censorship help prevent hate speech and other organizations that spread hate ideologies. By filtering media content, parents are sure that their children are safe from obscene content. 4. Upholds social value Internet censorship, on the other hand suppresses the sharing of information to such an extent that some websites are not accessible. In fact, some countries from different parts of the world have installed internet/media censorship to help keep the values and tradition restored/ or alive. With that said, media censorship plays an essential role in safeguarding moral and social value in the society. 5. Protects against sexism and racism We are all familiar with the saying that our children are future leaders. Many folks have devoted their time to molding their children’s ‘’future’’. Since children learn from their peers and what they see on television, media censorship aims to protect them against sexism, racism and segregation. That way, children are raised well and with admirable social values.